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- The paper is about risk taking and self-command. It was written for a
- philosophy class in ethics.
- The title of the paper is "Risk Taking". It recieved 95 points out of a
- possible 100.
-
- Risk Taking
- In our lives, it is important to exercise self-command. However,
- we should not be so concerned with the future that we stifle the present.
- The question becomes what balance should we strike between self-command
- and risks? What kinds of risks are acceptable or unacceptable? In this
- essay, we will use two examples of risks to show the distinction between
- the two and arrive at a conclusion as to the balance one should have
- between risk and self command. The first example we will use is of a
- person who spends his life savings on a lottery ticket and does not win
- the lottery. The second is of a person who spends his life savings on a
- hunch regarding a cure for AIDS, a hunch that is false. Before we make
- this distinction, however, it is necessary to define the terms acceptable
- and unacceptable risks.
-
- Acceptable and Unacceptable Risks
-
- There are several ways in which one could define which risks are
- acceptable. One could say, for example, that the only acceptable risk is
- one for which the odds of success are greater than the odds of failure.
- Another definition of acceptable risk might be a risk that does not harm
- one's future. We might also say that the only acceptable risk is one
- where the aggregate happiness is increased, thus increasing the moral good
- of the risk, an idea which is based on John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism.
- Finally, we might define a morally good risk in a Kantian way by saying
- that the only acceptable risk is one which is rationally thought out
- (Thomas, lecture).
- Now that we have several definitions of acceptable risks, we may
- ask how these definitions, which seem piecemeal and unrelated, can all
- combine to form one definition of acceptable risk. The best way to do
- this is to examine the two cases that lie before us and relate the
- definitions to them. In the process of doing so, we will determine which
- risk is acceptable and which is not.
-
- Risks in the example: the lottery and the AIDS cure
-
- If the average person on the street were presented with the case
- of spending one's life savings on a lottery ticket and losing or spending
- the same sum on a false hunch regarding an AIDS cure, he or she would
- probably come up with several answers. For the most part though, all the
- answers would be consistent with one idea: the AIDS cure is simply
- "worth" more and thus is a more acceptable risk. There might be several
- reasons for this. One could assume, for example, that the only person who
- would attempt to cure AIDS would be a doctor with sufficient experience in
- the field. It would follow, then, that the odds of finding a cure for
- AIDS would be much greater than the odds of winning the lottery. To win
- the lottery, one has to draw 6 numbers out of 46 (a probability that is
- very low). However, curing AIDS with medical experience is a less risky
- endeavor. In this instance, trying to cure AIDS would be a greater moral
- good because it is less risk involved in it than in trying to win the
- lottery. This case, although quite valid, is not very interesting. In
- fact, we have solved it rather rapidly. The more interesting case, and
- the one we will consider in depth here, is the case in which one has no
- medical experience whatsoever, but still attempts to find a cure.
- Furthermore, we will set the odds such that one has a better chance of
- winning the lottery than finding a cure for AIDS. Yet, I will still
- show that, regardless of the greater chance of failure, the attempt at an
- AIDS cure is still has more moral worth than the purchase of the lottery
- ticket, even though both result in failure.
- Why does the spending one's life savings on an AIDS cure have more
- moral worth (which makes it a more acceptable risk) than spending the same
- sum on a lottery ticket, when the numerical odds of being successful are
- the same? Why bother, since in the end, the result is the same? The
- answer lies in Mill's definition of a moral good, that which is done to
- increase the common happiness (Mill, Utilitarianism).
- The AIDS cure is something that will increase the common happiness, while
- a person winning the lottery generally will only increase his or her
- happiness. This is almost obvious. Certainly, if I was to win the
- lottery, I would increase my happiness greatly, but the increase in the
- general happiness would be negligible. However, if I were to find a cure
- for AIDS, it would greatly increase the general happiness. Masses of
- suffering people and their loved ones would be much happier. Even though
- my attempt was unsuccessful, it would still be greatly appreciated. Just
- the thought of a cure would have given hope to what could otherwise be a
- bleak existence. The mere possibility of being saved from an almost
- certain death would increase several victims' happiness. We see this
- today, when, each time a new drug that delays the progression of AIDS is
- approved, people flock to it. That such things are not cures and that
- some of them do not offer guarantees (indeed, many are experimental) is
- almost insignificant. People still try them. Why? Because they offer a
- hope of continuing what humans treasure most: life. Similarly, my AIDS
- cure would offer some hope to patients who are assured an eventual long,
- painful death. Maybe the cure might work for them. If not, that it did
- not would be almost insignificant. Spending my life's savings on an AIDS
- cure would almost certainly increase the general happiness, as it would
- provide hope. That, in the end, it is a failure is of little, if any,
- significance.
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